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Post by lepidofrance on Sept 26, 2012 16:14:45 GMT -8
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Post by Adam Cotton on Sept 27, 2012 1:01:50 GMT -8
It seems there has been a swap, Dryas iulia to Thailand and Papilio demoleus to the Caribbean. Both of these are the result of escapes from butterfly farms.
Adam.
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Post by lepidofrance on Sept 27, 2012 2:22:06 GMT -8
About Papilio demoleus in the Caribbean : the butterfly did not escape from a butterfly farm but was introduced with its food plant. Here is an excerpt from our article on the matter : "The expansion of Papilio demoleus not limited to Asia. The species is nowadays in America (Antilles) or it was accidentally introduced by humans with its food plant in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola) (Guerrero et al., 2004). EASTWOOD et al. (2006) confirm P. demoleus in Dominican Republic and state that the invasion came from Malaysia. Still in 2006, this species is reported in Puerto Rico (3 samples of confirmed seen in a residential area in the Guanica Dry Forest Reserve. A female was captured in there laying on seedlings of Citrus aurantifolia introduced SWINGLE (HOMZIAK & HOM - Ziak, 2006). to date, these are the only quotations americaines confirmed, in addition to an observation unique, non-confirmed and likely to distort, California (TILDEN, 1968, in Guerrero et al., 2004 ). Demoleus an expansion is possible on the American continent, but it remains hypothetical. Citrus pests are numerous and active, such as Papilio ( Heraclides) cresphontes CRAMER, 1777. If this is the case, no one can predict the outcome of this competition!" From : Papilio demoleus [LINNAEUS, 1758] - Une expansion mondiale (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae)
par Xavier MERIT, Jean-Marc GAYMAN, VeÌronique MERIT & Luc MANILLepidopteres, 42 PDF available on the page : www.lepido-france.fr/liens/les-pdf-a-decharger/ |
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Post by wollastoni on Sept 27, 2012 2:22:31 GMT -8
Jean-Marc < I may have caught D. iulia in Koh Phi Phi in Jan 2011 too ! (in a path you know well in the North of the island upon PhiPhi Village)
I have a specimen I could not identify with my Ek-Amnuai.
Could be this !
I will spread it and confirm it to you
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Post by Adam Cotton on Sept 27, 2012 10:12:17 GMT -8
About Papilio demoleus in the Caribbean : the butterfly did not escape from a butterfly farm but was introduced with its food plant. Here is an excerpt from our article on the matter : "The expansion of Papilio demoleus not limited to Asia. The species is nowadays in America (Antilles) or it was accidentally introduced by humans with its food plant in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola) (Guerrero et al., 2004). EASTWOOD et al. (2006) confirm P. demoleus in Dominican Republic and state that the invasion came from Malaysia. Still in 2006, this species is reported in Puerto Rico (3 samples of confirmed seen in a residential area in the Guanica Dry Forest Reserve. A female was captured in there laying on seedlings of Citrus aurantifolia introduced SWINGLE (HOMZIAK & HOM - Ziak, 2006). to date, these are the only quotations americaines confirmed, in addition to an observation unique, non-confirmed and likely to distort, California (TILDEN, 1968, in Guerrero et al., 2004 ). Actually Guerrero et al (2004) did not say that demoleus could have been artificially introduced with its foodplant. They stated (p. 229): "In conclusion, the circumstances surrounding the introduction(s) to the Dominican Republic remain unknown, but the establishment of the species seems certain." Eastwood et al. (2006) used DNA analysis to confirm that the origin was Southeast Asia (not "Malaysia" specifically), and speculated on the possible origin of the introduced specimens (p. 166-167): "The 825-nucleotide haplotype(DL1)common to all Dominican Republic specimens also was the most common haplotype recorded in Southeast Asia; thus, genetic and morphological data independently have resulted in the same conclusion-the butterflies collected in the Dominican Republic originated in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the single haplotype identified from ~ 1,400 homologous nucleotides in 24 P. demoleus specimens from the Dominican Republic suggests that these were the progeny of a single introduction (founding bottleneck). That haplotype DL1 was common and widespread in Southeast Asia, however, does not rule out the possibility of multiple introductions. Because the species was not recorded by Takizawa et al. (2003) and despite regular insect collecting activities and intensive surveys conducted annually by field entomology students, it is reasonable to assume that a single introduction took place shortly before they were captured in March 2004. The large number of specimens collected in late September 2004 (n = 24) from several new locations (Guerrero et al. 2004, Wehling 2004), and recent collections by Ruth Bas- tardo from 200 km distant in the far west of the country at Pedernales (June 2005) and La Descubierta (August 2005) as well as north of the Cordillera Central near Santiago (August 2005) indicates that P. demoleus is established locally and expanding its range, even surviving severe storms in the Dominican Republic in May 2004 and hurricane Ivan in early September 2004. (snipped paragraph) How did the butterflies get to the Dominican Republic? There are several possible modes of introduction. First, is the unlikely possibility that the species reached there of its own accord. Records of P. demoleus migrating in Asia (Williams 1938) and in Australia (Commonand Waterhouse 1981, Braby 2000) do exist; however, if the source population was located at the western (Baghdad) or eastern (southern Japan) extremes of the range, it would need to traverse dis- tances exceeding 11,000 or 14,000 km, respectively, across continents, oceans, or both, and there are no recent records of the species at intervening localities. It is possible that a batch of early stages was accidentally introduced from Southeast Asia on air-freighted citrus products or equipment associated with the industry; however, Wayne Wehling (USDA) thinks that the butterflies may have been introduced deliberately for hobby interests or for release at a celebration such as a wedding (Wehling 2004)." I had heard that the butterflies escaped from a butterfly farm on Dominican Republic as a result of hurricane damage, but this is just a rumour, and may not actually be true. Certainly there is no proof that they were introduced on imported Citrus plants as you suggest. I actually think this is somewhat unlikely, as firstly I would be surprised that Citrus plants are imported directly from SE Asia to the Dominican Republic, and also because, if they were imported there would have to have been a large number of plants imported for even a few demoleus to survive the trip (especially being packed in boxes, where soft larvae or pupae would likely be damaged on the plants). It is even more unlikely if you consider that Citrus is normally treated with insecticides to prevent the transportation of much more serious Citrus pests than Papilio demoleus. Also I think this is somewhat unlikely due to the normally low frequency of larvae on cultivated Citrus (not usually more than 1 larva per plant, normally much less). I cannot imagine that larvae or pupae would be imported in boxes of Citrus fruit either, as this would be even less likely. In fact, Eastwood et al. (2006) discussing this possibility quote Wayne Wehling favouring other hypotheses (see above). Adam. |
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Post by Khalid Fadil on Sept 29, 2012 3:18:40 GMT -8
Huh... Didn't think this was anything special. I've known for a long time that Dryas julia fly in Thailand. Oh, well... Now, I know.
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Post by Adam Cotton on Sept 29, 2012 8:40:07 GMT -8
Yes, they have been there for some years now.
Good to see you posting again Khalid!
Adam.
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